Research paper Botanica Pacifica. A journal of plant science and conservation 2024. 13(1):3-20 Article first published online: 21 JAN 2024 | DOI: 10.17581/bp.2024.13108 Spatiotemporal dynamics of Pinus densiflora in the south of the Russian Far East during the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene by pollen records Pavel S. Belyanin 1 & Nina I. Belyanina † 1 The Pacific Institute of Geography FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia † deceased The aim of the present work is to reconstruct the distribution of Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. in the south of the Russian Far East (SRFE) during the Late Pleistocene (MIS 2) and the Holocene based by pollen records and chronological data. We found that P. densiflora did not grow in SRFE under cold and dry climate of the MIS 2. Warming in the Early Holocene caused the expansion of P. densiflora to the region. Under maximum warming during the Middle Holocene, P. densiflora range reached the Central Subregion of the SRFE. The cooling at the beginning of the Late Holocene caused the decrease of P. densiflora distribution in the SRFE. Under subsequent warming during the second half of the Late Holocene, Pinus densiflora has taken again a dominant position in the Southern and the Central subregions in the SRFE. During the last two centuries, P. densiflora range in the region began to degrade, due to the anthropogenic influence. Белянин П.С., Белянина Н.И. Пространственно-временная динамика Pinus densiflora на юге Дальнего Востока России с позднего плейстоцена по пыльцевым летописям. Целью настоящей работы является реконструировать распространение Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. на юге Дальнего Востока России в позднем плейстоцене (МИС 2) и голоцене на основе пыльцевых летописей и хронологических данных. Анализ таксономической структуры пыльцевых летописей показал, что P. densiflora не произрастала на юге Дальнего Востока России в условиях холодного и сухого климата МИС 2. Потепление в раннем голоцене вызвало миграцию P. densiflora на юг Дальнего Востока России. При максимальном потеплении в среднем голоцене ареал P. densiflora достиг Центральной области юга Дальнего Востока России. Похолодание в начале позднего голоцена привело к сокращению распространения P. densiflora в регионе. При последующем потеплении во второй половине позднего голоцена P. densiflora вновь заняла господствующее положение в Южной и Центральной областях юга Дальнего Востока России. В течение последних двух столетий ареал P. densiflora в регионе начал деградировать из-за антропогенного воздействия. Keywords: Pinus densiflora, spore-pollen analysis, radiocarbon dating, of the south of the Russian Far East, climatic changes, Late Pleistocene, Holocene, спорово-пыльцевой анализ, радиоуглеродное датирование, юг Дальнего Востока России, климатические изменения, поздний плейстоцен, голоцен References Agee, J.K. 1998. The landscape ecology of western forest fire regimes. Northwest Science 72:24-34. Alekseyev, M.N. & L.V. Golubeva 1980. On the stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Upper Pleistocene. Bulleten' Komissii po izucheniyu chetvertichnogo perioda 50:96-107 (in Russian). [Алексеев М.Н., Голубева Л.В. 1980. К стратиграфии и палеогеографии верхнего плейстоцена южного Приморья // Бюллетень Комиссии по изучению четвертичного периода. № 50. С. 96-107]. An, Z. 2000. The history and variability of the East Asian paleomonsoon climate. Quaternary Science Reviews 19(1-5):171-187. CrossRef Anderson, P.M., P.S. Belyanin, N.I. Belyanina & A.V. Lozhkin 2017. The vegetation evolution on the western coast of the Peter the Great Gulf in the Late Pleistocene - Holocene. Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 36(4):206-215 (in Russian). [Андерсон П.М., Белянин П.С., Белянина Н.И., Ложкин А.В. 2017. Эволюция растительного покрова западного побережья залива Петра Великого в позднем плейстоцене-голоцене // Тихоокеанская геология. Т. 36, № 4. С. 206-215]. Anonymous 1966. Reference book on the climate of the USSR. Series 26. Primorsky krai. Part II. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 220 pp. (in Russian). [Справочник по климату СССР. Выпуск 26. Приморский край. Часть II. Ленинград: Гидрометеоиздат. 1966. 220 с.]. Anonymous 1968. Reference book on the climate of the USSR. Series 26. Primorsky krai. Part IV. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 239 pp. (in Russian). [Справочник по климату СССР. Выпуск 26. Приморский край. Часть IV. Ленинград: Гидрометеоиздат. 1968. 239 с.]. Badejo, A.O., B.H. Choi, H.G. Cho, H.I. Yi & K.H. Shin 2015. Environmental change in Yellow Sea during the last deglaciation to the early Holocene (15000-8000 BP). Quaternary International 392:112-124. CrossRef Bai, W.N., W.J. Liao & D.Y. Zhang 2010. Nuclear and chloroplast DNA phylogeography reveal two refuge areas with asymmetrical gene flow in a temperate walnut tree from East Asia. New Phytologist 188:892-901. CrossRef Bannister, B. & G. Neuner 2001. Frost resistance and the distribution of conifers. In: Conifer Cold Hardiness (F.J. Bigras & S.J. Colombo, eds), pp. 3-21, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. CrossRef Bassinot, F.C., L.D. Labeyrie, E. Vincent, X. Quidelleur, N.J. Shackleton & Y. Lancelot 1994. The astronomical theory of climate and the age of the Brunes-Matuyama magnetic reversal. Earth and Planet Science Letters 126:91-108. CrossRef Belyanin, P.S. & N.I. Belyanina 2012. On the Khanka depression vegetation evolution and its mountain framing in the Late Holocene-Neopleistocene (from palynological data). Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya (31)2: 96-100 (in Russian). [Белянин П.С., Белянина Н.И. 2012. К эволюции растительного покрова Приханкайской впадины и ее горного обрамления в позднем неоплейстоцене-голоцене (по палинологическим данным) // Тихоокеанская геология. Т. 31, № 2. С. 96-100]. Belyanin, P.S. & N.I. Belyanina 2018. Evolution of the valley ecosystems in the lower reaches of the Bikin River in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Geography and Natural Resources 39(4):365-374. CrossRef Belyanin, P.S., P.M. Anderson, N.I. Belyanina & A.V. Lozhkin 2019. Vegetation changes in the south of the Russian Far East in the Middle and Late Holocene. Izvestiya RAN. Seriya Geograficheskaya 2:69-84 [in Russian]. [Белянин П.С., Андерсон П.М., Ложкин А.В., Белянина Н.И., Арсланов Х.А., Максимов Ф.Е., Горнов Д.А. 2019. Изменения растительности на Юге Российского Дальнего Востока в среднем и позднем голоцене // Известия РАН. Серия географическая, 2019, № 2, С. 69-84]. CrossRef Belyanin P.S. & N.I. Belyanina 2019. Changes of the Pinus koraiensis distribution in the south of the Russian Far East in the postglacial time. Botanica Pacifica 8(1):19-30. CrossRef Belyanin, P.S. & N.I. Belyanina 2020. Changes of vegetation in the eastern part of Khanka Plain (south of the Russian Far East) at the transition from the Late Pleistocene cryochron (MIS 2) to the Early Holocene. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 438:012003. CrossRef Belyanin, P.S. & N.I. Belyanina 2021. The late Pleistocene and Holocene history of Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine) in the south of the Russian Far East based on palynological data. Acta Palaeobotanica 61(2):148-170. CrossRef Belyanin, P.S., N.I. Belyanina & T.A. Grebennikova 2021. The development of the natural environment in the valley of the Knevichanka River in the Middle and Late Holocene (Southern Sikhote-Alin). Geography and Natural Resources 42(1):71-79. CrossRef Belyanin, P.S., V.V. Ivanov, S.V. Lesnov, N.I. Belyanina, Kh.A. Arslanov & F.E. Maksimov 2018. Biostratigraphy of the Upper Pleistocene-Holocene valley deposits of the middle Sikhote Alin (with reference to the Bolotisty placer field in the upper reaches of the Khor River). Vestnik Severo-Vostochnogo Nauchnogo Tsentra DVO RAN 1:20-31 (in Russian). [Белянин П.С., Иванов В.В., Леснов С.В., Белянина Н.И., Арсланов Х.А., Максимов Ф.Е. 2018. Биостратиграфия верхнеплейстоцен-голоценовых долинных отложений среднего Сихотэ-Алиня (на примере Болотистого россыпного поля в верховьях р. Хор) // Вестник Северо-Восточного научного центра ДВО РАН. №1. С. 20-31]. Binney, H., M. Edwards, M. Macias-Fauria, A. Lozhkin, P. Anderson, J.O. Kaplan, A. Andreev, E. Bezrukova, T. Blyakharchuk, V. Jankovska, ... & V. Zernitskaya 2017. Vegetation of Eurasia from the last glacial maximum to present: key biogeographic patterns. Quaternary Science Reviews 57:80-97. CrossRef Birks, H.J.B. 1989. Holocene isochrone maps and patterns of tree-spreading in the British Isles. Journal of Biogeography 16(6):503-540. CrossRef Blaauw, M. & J.A. Christen 2011. Flexible paleoclimate agedepth models using an autoregressive gamma process. Bayesian Analysis 6:457-474. CrossRef Blaauw, M., J.A. Christen, M.A.A. Lopez, J.E.V.O.M.G. Vazquez, T. Belding, J. Theiler & B. Gough et al. 2021. rbacon: Age-Depth Modelling using Bayesian Statistics, CRAN [code], 2021. Borisov, B.A. 2013. On further improvement of the General Quaternary Chart for detailed elaboration of Quaternary Maps included into the set of Gosgeolkarta of the Russian Federation. In: General Stratigraphic Scale of Russia: status and prospects of development (M.A. Fedonkin, ed.), pp. 365-375, GIN RAN, Moscow (in Russian). [Борисов Б.А. 2013. О дальнейшем совершенствовании Общей четвертичной карты для детализации четвертичных карт, входящих в состав Госгеолкарты Российской Федерации // Общая стратиграфическая шкала России: состояние и перспективы развития. Разработка / под ред. М.А. Федонкин. Москва, ГИН РАН. С. 365-375]. Borisova, O.K. 2014. Landscape and climatе change in the Holocene. Vestnik Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Geograficheskaya seriya 2:5-20 (in Russian). [Борисова О.К. 2014. Изменение ландшафта и климата в голоцене // Вестник Российской академии наук. Географическая серия. № 2. С. 5-20]. Budishchev, A.F. 2016. Description of forests of south part of Primorskaya District. In: Forests in the Far East through the eyes of pioneers (Yu.I. Manko, ed.), pp. 25-384, D.F. L'vov Publ., St. Petersburg (in Russian). [Будищев А.Ф. 2016. Описание лесов юга Приморья // Лес на Дальнем Востоке глазами первопроходцев / под ред. Ю.И. Манько. СПб.: Д.Ф. Львов. С. 25-384]. Chlachula, J., V.A., Lynsha, P. Kolaczek & V.N. Tarasenko 2015. Neolithic and Aeneolithic environments in the central Primorye Region (the Bol'shaya Ussurka Valley), the Russian Far East. Quaternary International 370:127-144. CrossRef Chung, C.H., H.S. Lim, & H.J. Lee 2010. Vegetation and climate history during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene inferred from pollen record in Gwangju area, South Korea. Quaternary International 227(1):61-67. CrossRef Cosford, J., H. Qing, B. Eglington, D. Mattey, D. Yuan, M. Zhang & H. Cheng 2008. East Asian monsoon variability since the Mid-Holocene recorded in a high-resolution, absolute-dated aragonite speleothem from eastern China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 275:296-307. CrossRef Critchfield, W.B. & E.L.Jr. Little 1966. Geographic distribution of the pines of the World. Miscellaneous publication 991, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, 97pp. CrossRef Duan, X., J. Li & S. Wu 2022. MaxEnt modeling to estimate the impact of climate factors on distribution of Pinus densiflora. Forests 13(3):402. CrossRef Farjon, A. 2010. A Handbook of the World's Conifers (two vols.). Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1150 pp. Good, R. 1974. The Geography of the Flowering Plants.Longman Higher Education, London. 574 pp. Grimm, E. 2004. Tilia software (Version 2.0.2). Illinois State Museum Resources and Collection Center, Springfield. Grishin, S.Yu. 1995. The boreal forests of northeastern Eurasia. Vegetatio 121:11−21. CrossRef Kharkevich, S.S. & N.N. Kachura 1981. Rare Plant Species of The Soviet Far East and Their Conservation. Nauka, Moscow, 234 pp. (in Russian). [Харкевич С.С., Качура Н.Н. 1981. Редкие виды растений Дальнего Востока СССР и их охрана. Москва: Наука. 234 c.]. Helmens, K.F. 2014. The Last Interglacial-Glacial cycle (MIS 5-2) re-examined based on long proxy records from central and northern Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 86:115-143. CrossRef Igarashi, Y. 2013. Holocene vegetation and climate on Hokkaido Island, northern Japan. Quaternary International 290(291):139-150. CrossRef Ivanov, A.V. & D.S. Shashenok 2018. Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. in under-canopy forest crops of the southern part of Far East). Sibirskii Lesnoi Zhurnal 6:80-90 (in Russian). [Иванов А.В., Шашенок Д.С. 2018. Сосна корейская Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. в подкупольных лесных культурах южной части Дальнего Востока // Сибирский лесной журнал. № 6. С. 80-90. Jarvis, A. 2008. Hole-filed seamless SRTM data. Available from: http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org. Last accessed 24.04.2023. Khotinsky, N.A. 1977. The Holocene of Northern Eurasia. Nauka, Moscow. 200 pp. (in Russian). [Хотинский Н.А. 1977. Голоцен Северной Евразии. М.: Наука. 200 с.]. Kind, N.V. 1974. Geochronology of the Late Anthropogene From Isotope Data. Nauka, Moscow, 274 pp. (in Russian). [Кинд Н.В. 1974. Геохронология позднего антропогена по изотопным данным. Москва: Наука. 256 с.] Kobe, F., E. Bezrukova, C. Leipe, A. Shchetnikov, T. Goslar, M. Wagner & S. Kostrova & P.E. Tarasov 2020. Holocene vegetation and climate history in Baikal Siberia reconstructed from pollen records and its implications for archaeology. Archaeological Researches in Asia 26:1-12. CrossRef Korotky, A.M. 2002. Palynological characteristics and radiocarbon data of late Quaternary deposits of the Russian Far East (lower Amur valley, Primor'ye, Sakhalin Island, Kuril Islands). In: Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climate of Siberia and the Russian Far East (Palynological and Radiocarbon Database) (P.M. Anderson & A.V. Lozhkin, eds), pp. 257-369. North East Science Center, Magadan, Russia. Korotky, A.M., T.A. Grebennikova, V.S. Pushkar, N.G. Razzhigaeva, V.G. Volkov, L.A. Ganzey, L.M. Mokhova, V.B. Bazarova & T.R. Makarova 1996. Climatic changes of south Far East Area in Late Cenozoic (Miocene-Pleistocene). Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 55 pp. (in Russian). [Короткий А.М., Гребенникова Т.А., Пушкарь В.С., Разжигаева Н.Г., Волков В.Г., Ганзей Л.А., Мохова Л.М., Базарова В.Б., Макарова Т.Р. 1996. Климатические смены на территории юга Дальнего Востока в позднем кайнозое (миоцен/плейстоцен). Владивосток: Тихоокеанский институт географии ДВО РАН. 56 с.]. Korotky, A.M., L.P. Karaulova & T.S. Troitskaya 1980. Quaternary deposits of the Primorye. Stratigraphy and Paleogeography. Nauka, Novosibirsk, 234 pp. (in Russian). [Короткий А.М., Караулова Л.П., Троицкая Т.С. Четвертичные отложения Приморья: стратиграфия и палеогеография. Новосибирск: Наука. 1980. 234 с.]. Koyama, N. 1943. Light und Bodenwasser in ihrer Wirkung als Ground faktor auf Die Kiefernnaturverjüngung. In: Forestry Experiement Station of the Goveronment-General of Korea. Forestry Experiement Station of the Goveronment-General of Korea, Seoul. Kremenetski, C.V., K. Liu & G.M. MacDonald 1998. The Late Quaternary dynamics of pines in northern Asia. In: Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus (D.M. Richardson, ed.), pp. 95-106. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Krestov, P.V. & V.P. Verkholat 2003. Rare Plant Communities of the Amur Region. Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 200 pp. (in Russian). [Крестов П.В., Верхолат В.П. Редкие растительные сообщества Приморья и Приамурья. Владивосток: ДВО РАН, 2003. 200 с.]. Krestov, P.V., J.S. Song, Y. Nakamura & V.P. Verkholat 2006. A phytosociological survey of the deciduous temperate forests of mainland Northeast Asia. Phytocoenologia 36(1):77-150. CrossRef Kuzmina, N.N., G.M. Shumova, E.I. Polyakova & G.N. Nedesheva 1987. Paleogeographic reconstruction of the Holocene of the northwestern coast and shelf of the Sea of Japan. Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR. Seriya geograficheskaya 4:78-89 (in Russian). [Палеогеографическая реконструкция голоцена северо-западного побережья и шельфа Японского моря. Вестник Академии наук СССР. Серия географическая. № 4. С. 78-89]. Lacourse, T. & K. Gajewski 2020. Current practices in building and reporting age-depth models. Quaternary Research 96:28-38. CrossRef Lee, I.K. 1976. The distribution and the actual state of Pinus densiflora in Korea. Nature Conservation 13:5-8. Lee, C.S. 1995. Regeneration process after disturbance of the Pinus densiflora forest in Korea. The Korean Journal of Ecology 18(1):189-201. Lee, K.J. 2002. Major factors causing disturbance in forests and its effects on forest ecosystem in Korea. In: Ecology of Korea (D.W. Lee, V. Jin, J.C. Choe., Y.H. Son, S.J. Yoo, H.Y. Lee, S.K. Hong et al., eds), pp. 105-118, Bumwoo Publisher, Seoul. Li, X., C. Zhao & X. Zhou 2019. Vegetation pattern of Northeast China during the special periods since the Last Glacial Maximum. Science China. Earth Sciences 62:1224-1240. CrossRef Mikishin, Y.A., T.I. Petrenko, I.G. Gvozdeva & A.N. Popov 2008. Evolution of landscapes in Khasansky District (Southwest Primorye) in the Late Pleistocene - Holocene. In: Proceedings of International Symposium "Human Ecosystem Changes in the Northern Circum Japan Sea Area (NCJSA) in Late Pleistocene, pp. 82-94, Tokyo. Mikishin, Y.A., T.I. Petrenko & I.G. Gvozdeva. 2019. Late phase of Atlantic Period of the Holocene in southern Primorye (Russian Far East). Uspekhi sovremennogo estestvoznaniya 12(1):96-107 (in Russian). [Микишин Ю.А, Петренко Т.И., Гвоздева И.Г. 2019. Поздняя фаза атлантического периода голоцена на юге Приморья // Успехи современного естествознания. №12. С. 96-107]. CrossRef Nakagawa, T., P.E. Tarasov, H. Kitagawa, Y. Yasuda & K. Gotanda 2006. Seasonally specific responses of the East Asian monsoon to deglacial climate changes. Geology 35(7):521-524. CrossRef Nakai, T. 1911. Flora Koreana II. The journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Japan 31(2):1-573. Nakamura, J. 1980. Diagnostic characters of pollen grains of Japan, Part I. Special Publications from the Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka, Japan 13:1-91. Nakamura, Y. & Krestov P.V. 2005. Coniferous forests of the temperate zone of Asia. In: Coniferous forests. (Ecosystems of the World 6) (F. Andersson, ed.), pp. 163-220, Elsevier, New York, London, Paris. Ni, J., G. Yu, S.P. Harrison & I. Prentice 2010. Palaeovegetation in China during the late Quaternary: Biome reconstructions based on a global scheme of plant functional types. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 289:44-61. CrossRef Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan. Switsonian Inst., Washington, 1067 pp. Oosting, H.J. & P.J. Kramer, 1946. Water and light in relation to pine reproduction. Ecology 27(1):47-53. CrossRef Park, Y.A., B.K. Khim & S. Zhao 1994. Sea level fluctuation in the Yellow Sea Basin. The Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography 29(1):42-49. Park, S.C., D.G. Yoo, C.W. Lee & E. Lee 2000. Last glacial sea-level changes and paleogeography of the Korea (Tsushima) Strait. Geo-Marine Letters 20:64-71. CrossRef Pavlyutkin, B.I. & N.I. Belyanina 2002. Quaternary deposits of the Prymorye Region: some results of systematization and prospects for future studies. Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 21(3):80-93 (in Russian). [Павлюткин Б.И., Белянина Н.И. 2002. Четвертичные отложения Приморья: некоторые итоги систематизации и дальнейшие перспективы изучения // Тихоокеанская геология. Т. 21, № 3. С. 80-93]. Pavlyutkin, B.I., V.S. Pushkar, N.I. Belyanina, N.A. Okovitaya & L.A. Lobanova 1984. The Holocene deposts in the Razdolnaya River drainage basin (south-western Primorye). In: Paleogeographic boundaries and approaches to their studies (A.M. Korotky & V.S. Pushkar, eds), pp. 43-53, North-East Reasearch Center, the USSR Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok (in Russian). [Павлюткин Б.И., Пушкарь В.С., Белянина Н.И. Оковитая Н.А., Лобанова Л.А. 1984. Голоценовые отложения бассейна р. Раздольной (юго-западное Приморье) // Палеогеографические рубежи и методы их изучения. Владивосток: ДВНЦ АН СССР. С. 43-53]. Petropavlovsky, B.S. 1985. Anthropogenic change in the forest cover of Primorsky Krai. In: Dynamics of vegetation in the south of the Far East (B.S. Petropavlovsky, N.A. Chavtur & N.V. Dochevaya, eds), pp. 44-51, Far Eastern Science Center of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok (in Russian). [Петропавловский Б.С. 1985. Антропогенное изменение лесного покрова Приморского края // Динамика растительности юга Дальнего Востока / под ред. Б.С. Петропавловского, Н.А. Чавтура, Н.В. Дочевой. ДВНЦ АН СССР. С. 44-51]. Pokrovskaya, I.M. 1950. Pollen analysis. Gosgeolitizdat, Moscow, 571 pp. (in Russian). [Покровская И.М. 1950. Пыльцевой анализ. Москва: Госгеолиздат. 571 с.]. POWO 2023. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ Last accessed 24.05.2023. Qiu, Y.X., C.X. Fu & H.P. Comes 2011. Plant molecular phylogeography in China and adjacent regions: tracing the genetic imprints of Quaternary climate and environmental change in the world's most diverse temperate flora. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59:225-244. CrossRef R Core Team 2017. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. Available from: http://www.R-project.org/ Last accessed 20.05.2023. Ramsey, C. 2017. Methods for summarizing radiocarbon datasets. Radiocarbon 59:1-25. CrossRef Razjigaeva, N., L. Ganzey, T. Grebennikova, N. Belyanina, L. Mokhova, Kh. Arslanov & S. Chernov 2013. Holocene Climatic Changes and Vegetation Development in the Kuril Islands. Quaternary International 290(291):126-138. CrossRef Razjigaeva, N., L. Ganzey, T. Grebennikova, T. Mokhova, L. Kopoteva, T. Kudryavtseva, P. Belyanin, A. Panichev, Kh. Arslanov, F. Maksimov, ... & T. Kornyushenko 2021. Holocene mountain landscape development and monsoon variation in the southernmost Russian Far East. Boreas 2(50): 1043-1058. CrossRef Reimer, P., W. Austin, E. Bard, A. Bayliss, P. Blackwell, C. Ramsey, M. Butzin, H. Cheng, R.L. Edwards, M. Friedrich, ... & S. Talamo 2020. The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0-55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon 62(4):725-757. CrossRef Ren, G. & L. Zhang 1998. A preliminary mapped summary of Holocene pollen data for Northeast China. Quaternary Science Reviews 17:669-688. CrossRef Sheingauz, A.S. 1996. The role of fires in forest cover, structure, and dynamics in the Russian Far East. In: Fires in ecosystems of boreal Eurasia (J.G. Goldammer & V.V. Furyaev, eds), pp. 186-190, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. CrossRef Shin, S., J-H. Kim, J-H. Dang, I-S. Seo & B. Lee 2021. Elevational distribution ranges of vascular plant species in the Baekdudaegan mountain range, South Korea. Journal of Ecology and Environment 45(7):62-71. CrossRef Stebich, M., J. Mingram, J. Han & J. Liu 2009. Late Pleistocene spread of (cool-) temperate forests in Northeast China and climate changes synchronous with the North Atlantic region. Global and Planetary Change 65(1-2):56-70. CrossRef Sun, X. & C. Weng 1992. Pollen records on the history of mixed conifer and hardwood forest in Northeast China. Acta Botanica Sinica 34:394-401. Telford, R., E. Heegaard & H. Birks 2004. All age-depth models are wrong: but how badly? Quaternary Science Reviews 23:1-5. CrossRef Trachsel, M. & R.J. Telford 2017. All age-depth models are wrong, but are getting better. Holocene 27:860-869. CrossRef Toyohara, G. 1981. On the boundary line between the coastal and inland types of the red pine forest in Hiroshima Prefecture. Hikobia (Supplement) 1:497-505. Toyohara, G. 1984. A phytosociological study and a tentative draft on vegetation mapping of the secondary forests in Hiroshima Prefecture with special reference to pine forests. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University. Series B, Division 2: Botany 19:131-170. Tsukada, M. 1983. Vegetation and climate during the last glacial maximum in Japan. Quaternary Researches 19(2):212-235. CrossRef Tsukada, M. 1984. A vegetation map of the Japanese Archipelago approximately 20 000 years BP. Japanese Journal of Ecology 34:203-208. Urusov, V.M., I.I. Lobanova & L.I. Varchenko 2004. Coniferous trees and shrubs of the Russian Far East. Geography and Ecology. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, 111 pp. (in Russian). [Урусов В.М., Лобанова И.И., Варченко Л.И. 2004. Хвойные деревья и кустарники Дальнего Востока России. География и экология. Владивосток: Дальнаука, 111 с.]. Urusov, V.M., I.I. Lobanova & L.I. Varchenko 2007. Conifers of the Russian Far East - important objects of study, conservation, growing and use. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, 440 pp. (in Russian). [Урусов В.М., Лобанова И.И., Варченко Л.И. 2007. Хвойные российского Дальнего Востока - ценные объекты изучения, охраны, разведения и использования. Владивосток: Дальнаука. 440 с]. Usenko, N.V. 2009. Trees, shrubs and lianas of the Far East: A reference book. Priamurskiye Vedomosti, Khabarovsk, 272 pp. (in Russian). [Усенко Н.В. 2009. Деревья, кустарники и лианы Дальнего Востока: справочная книга. Хабаровск: Приамурские ведомости. 271 с.]. Velichko, A.A., O.K. Borisova, V.P. Grichuk, E.M. Zelikson, V.A. Klimanov, I.I. Borzenkova, I.I. Spasskaya, A.V. Belyaev, A.G. Georgiadi, M.A. Faustova, ... & E.I. Kurenkova 2009. Paleoclimates and paleoenvironments of extra-tropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Late Pleistocene - Holocene. Atlas-monograph. GEOS, Moscow, 120 pp. (in Russian). [Величко А.А., Борисова О.К., Гричук В.П., Зеликсон Э.М., Климанов В.А., Борзенкова И.И., Спасская И.И. Беляев А.В., Георгиади А.Г., Фаустова М.А., ... Куренкова Е.И. 2009. Палеоклиматы и палеосреды внетропических областей Северного полушария. Поздний плейстоцен - голоцен. Атлас-монография. Москва: ГЕОС. 120 с.]. Velichko, A.A. 2012. Evolutionary geography: problems and solutions. GEOS, Moscow, 564 pp. (in Russian). [Величко А.А. 2012. Эволюционная география: проблемы и решения. Москва: ГЕОС. 563 с.]. Walker, M.J.C., M. Berkelhammer, S. Björck, L. Cwynar, D. Fisher, A. Long, J. Lowe, R.M. Newnham, S.O. Rasmussen & H. Weiss 2012. Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: a discussion paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice-core marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy). Journal of Quaternary Science 27:649-659. CrossRef Wang, S. & M. Feng 1991. Environmental change and its relation to the SE monsoon in Daihai Lake, Inner Mongolia. Science China (Series. B) 7:759-768 (in Chinese). Yafeng, S., K. Zhaozheng, W. Sumin, T. Lingyu, W. Fubao, Y. Tandong & Z. Xitao et al. 1993. Mid-holocene climates and environments in China. Global and Planetary Change 7(1-3):219-233. CrossRef Yamashita, T., 1989. Seed dispersal in Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc. stand at Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture. Bulletin Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba 10:31-38. Yancheva, G., N.R. Nowaczyk, J. Mingram, P. Dulski, G. Schettler, J. Negendank & J. Liu, D.M. Sigman, L.C. Peterson & G.H. Haug 2007. Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East Asian monsoon. Nature 445:74-77. CrossRef Yi, S. & S.J. Kim 2010. Vegetation changes in western central region of Korean Peninsula during the last glacial (ca. 21.1-26.1 cal kyr BP). Geoscience Journal 14:1-10. CrossRef Yi, S. 2011. Holocene vegetation response to East Asian monsoonal changes in South Korea. In: Climate Change - Geophysical Foundation and Ecological Effects. (J. Blanco & H. Kheradmand, eds), pp. 157-178, InTech, Rijeka. CrossRef Yu, G., X. Chen, J. Ni, R. Cheddadi, G. Joel, H.Y. Han, S. Harrison, C.-X. Huang & M.H. Ke, Z. Kong, ... & Z. Zheng 2000. Palaeovegetation of China: a pollen databased synthesis for the mid-Holocene and last glacial maximum. Journal of Biogeography 2:635-664. CrossRef
|