Botanica Pacifica. A journal of plant science and conservation Preprint
Article first published online: 30 SEP 2015 | DOI: 10.17581/bp.2015.04208
Functional aspects of the origin and subsequent evolution of cotyledons
Dmitry D. Sokoloff 1, Paula J. Rudall 2, Richard M. Bateman 2 & Margarita V. Remizowa 1
1 Department of Higher Plants, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
2 Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, U.K.
In most seed plants, cotyledons formed within the seed act as haustorial organs, as well as playing a key role in releasing the shoot apex from the seed coat on germination. Emergence of the shoot apex often results from asymmetric intercalary growth of the cotyledon bases. This process avoids the principal spatial constraint on germination in seed plants, wherein the plumule is surrounded by cotyledons whose tips should be in contact with nutritive tissues. Cotyledons are commonly viewed as a synapomorphy of the seed-plant lineage and as the modified first leaves of a seedling. However, intercalary growth, which is crucial for the cotyledon’s role in releasing the plumule, had not yet been acquired by foliage leaves of the earliest seed plants. We explore the possibility that the program of intercalary growth in leaves first evolved in cotyledons and was subsequently recruited for foliage leaves in the seed-plant lineage. We also discuss whether early seed plants already possessed haustorial cotyledons.
Соколов Д.Д., Рудалл П.Дж., Бэйтман Р.М., Ремизова М.В. Функциональные аспекты происхождения и эволюции семядолей семенных растений. Семядоли большинства семенных растений выполняют гаусториальные функции, а также играют важную роль в высвобождении апекса побега из семени при его прорастании. Высвобождение апекса побега часто идет за счет асимметричного интеркалярного роста оснований семядолей. Этот процесс позволяет обойти ключевое пространственное ограничение при прорастании семенных растений, связанное с тем, что почечка окружена семядолями, верхушки которых связаны с питательными тканями семени. Семядоли обычно считают синапоморфией семенных растений и видоизмененными первыми листьями проростка. Однако интеркалярный рост, столь важный для роли семядолей в высвобождении почечки, еще не был приобретен листьями древнейших семенных растений. Из-за отсутствия прямых свидетельств мы обсуждаем четыре гипотетически возможных сценария происхождения семядолей. Мы рассматриваем возможность того, что интеркалярный рост впервые появился у семядолей, а затем эта программа развития распространилась и на обычные листья семенных растений. С другой стороны, возможно, что древнейшие семенные растения еще не имели гаусториальных семядолей.
Keywords: embryo development, haustorium, gymnosperms, intercalary growth, megaphyll, seed germination, spatial constraint, гаусторий, голосеменные растения, интеркалярный рост, мегафилл, прорастание семени, пространственное ограничение, развитие зародыша
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